Article 52 deals with 'The President of India' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: There shall be a President of India.
Article 53 deals with 'Executive power of the Union' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) The executive power of the Union shall be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of...
Article 54 deals with 'Election of President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of— (a) the elected members of both Houses of Parliament; and (b) the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. Explanation.—In...
Article 55 deals with 'Manner of election of President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) As far as practicable, there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States at the election of the President. (2) For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States inter se as well as parity...
Article 56 deals with 'Term of office of President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office: Provided that— (a) the President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the Vice-President, resign his office; (b)...
Article 57 deals with 'Eligibility for re-election' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: A person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.
Article 58 deals with 'Qualifications for election as President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) No person shall be eligible for election as President unless he— (a) is a citizen of India, (b) has completed the age of thirty-five years, and (c) is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People. (2) A...
Article 59 deals with 'Conditions of President's office' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State be elected President, he shall...
Article 60 deals with 'Oath or affirmation by the President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: Every President and every person acting as President or discharging the functions of the President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India or, in his absence, the senior-most...
Article 61 deals with 'Procedure for impeachment of the President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) When a President is to be impeached for violation of the Constitution, the charge shall be preferred by either House of Parliament. (2) No such charge shall be preferred unless— (a) the proposal to prefer such charge is contained...
Article 62 deals with 'Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term. (2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his...
Article 63 deals with 'The Vice-President of India' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: There shall be a Vice-President of India.
Article 64 deals with 'The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: The Vice-President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other office of profit: Provided that during any period when the VicePresident acts as President or discharges the functions of the President...
Article 65 deals with 'The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President shall act as President until the date on which a new President elected in...
Article 66 deals with 'Election of Vice - President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) The Vice-President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and...
Article 67 deals with 'Term of office of Vice-President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: The Vice-President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office: Provided that — (a) a Vice-President may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his office; (b)...
Article 68 deals with 'Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of Vice-President shall be completed before the expiration of the term. (2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of VicePresident occurring by reason...
Article 69 deals with 'Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: Every Vice-President shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say — “I, A.B., do swear...
Article 70 deals with 'Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: Parliament may make such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
Article 71 deals with 'Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) All doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a President or Vice - President shall be inquired into and decided by the Supreme Court whose decision shall be final. (2) If the election of a person as...
Article 72 vests the President of India with executive mercy power. The President can grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment, or suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of any person convicted of an offence in cases involving court-martials, Union laws, or death sentences. This power is not an appellate court review, but an ultimate sovereign safety valve to temper justice with human compassion and correct undeniable miscarriages of justice.
Article 73 deals with 'Extent of executive power of the Union' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend — (a) to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws; and (b) to the exercise of such rights, authority and...
Article 74 deals with 'Council of Ministers to aid and advise President' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice: Provided that the President may require the...
Article 75 deals with 'Other provisions as to Ministers' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. (1A) The total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister, in the Council...
Article 76 deals with 'Attorney-General for India' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) The President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney-General for India. (2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the Government of India upon such...
Article 77 deals with 'Conduct of business of the Government of India' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: (1) All executive action of the Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President. (2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall be authenticated in such manner as may...
Article 78 deals with 'Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc' in Part V, Chapter I (The Executive). It sets out the constitutional rules governing the election, term, oath, conditions of office, or executive responsibilities of the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, or Attorney-General of India. Specifically: It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister — (a) to communicate to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation; (b) to furnish such...
Article 79 governs 'Constitution of Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States and the House of the People.
Article 80 governs 'Composition of the Council of States' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: The Council of States] shall consist of — (a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance with the provisions of clause (3); and (b) not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the States and of...
Article 81 governs 'Composition of the House of the People' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of article, the House of the People shall consist of — (a) not more than 4 [five hundred and thirty members] chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, and (b) not more than...
Article 82 governs 'Readjustment after each census' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: Upon the completion of each census, the allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as Parliament may...
Article 83 governs 'Duration of Houses of Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The Council of States shall not be subject to dissolution, but as nearly as possible one-third of the members thereof shall retire as soon as may be on the expiration of every second year in accordance with the provisions made in that...
Article 84 governs 'Qualification for membership of Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament unless he — (a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation...
Article 85 governs 'Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first...
Article 86 governs 'Right of President to address and send messages to Houses' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The President may address either House of Parliament or both Houses assembled together, and for that purpose require the attendance of members. (2) The President may send messages to either House of Parliament, whether with respect...
Article 87 governs 'Special address by the President' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year the President shall address both Houses of Parliament assembled together and...
Article 88 governs 'Rights of Ministers and Attorney General as respects Houses' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: Every Minister and the Attorney-General of India shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a...
Article 89 governs 'The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The Vice-President of India shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. (2) The Council of States shall, as soon as may be, choose a member of the Council to be Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of Deputy...
Article 90 governs 'Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: A member holding office as Deputy Chairman of the Council of States — (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council; (b) may at any time, by writing under his hand addressed to the Chairman, resign his...
Article 91 governs 'Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) While the office of Chairman is vacant, or during any period when the Vice-President is acting as, or discharging the functions of, President, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Chairman, or, if the office of...
Article 92 governs 'The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) At any sitting of the Council of States, while any resolution for the removal of the Vice-President from his office is under consideration, the Chairman, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office is...
Article 93 governs 'The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: The House of the People shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the House to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, the House shall choose another...
Article 94 governs 'Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the House of the People — (a) shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the House of the People; (b) may at any time, by writing under his hand addressed, if such...
Article 95 governs 'Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the...
Article 96 governs 'The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) At any sitting of the House of the People, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Speaker from his office is under...
Article 97 governs 'Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: There shall be paid to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States, and to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People, such salaries and allowances as may be respectively fixed by Parliament by law and,...
Article 98 governs 'Secretariat of Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate...
Article 99 governs 'Oath or affirmation by members' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: Every member of either House of Parliament shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the...
Article 100 governs 'Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, all questions at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of the Houses shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting, other than the Speaker or person...
Article 101 governs 'Vacation of seats' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) No person shall be a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other. (2) No person shall...
Article 102 governs 'Disqualifications for membership' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of either House of Parliament — (a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State, other than an office...
Article 103 governs 'Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) If any question arises as to whether a member of either House of Parliament has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in clause (1) of article 102, the question shall be referred for the decision of the President and...
Article 104 governs 'Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: If a person sits or votes as a member of either House of Parliament before he has complied with the requirements of article 99, or when he knows that he is not qualified or that he is disqualified for membership thereof, or that he is...
Article 105 governs 'Powers, privileges, etc, of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of Parliament, there shall be freedom of speech in Parliament. (2) No member of Parliament shall be liable to any...
Article 106 governs 'Salaries and allowances of members' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: Members of either House of Parliament shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that respect is so made, allowances at such rates and upon...
Article 107 governs 'Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 109 and 117 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of Parliament. (2) Subject to the provisions of articles 108 and 109, a Bill shall not be...
Article 108 governs 'Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House — (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or (c) more...
Article 109 governs 'Special procedure in respect of Money Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States. (2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the House of the People it shall be transmitted to the Council of States for its recommendations and the Council of States shall...
Article 110 governs 'Definition of “Money Bills”' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely :— (a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or...
Article 111 governs 'Assent to Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds assent therefrom: Provided that the President...
Article 112 governs 'Annual financial statement' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this Part referred to as...
Article 113 governs 'Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be submitted to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the discussion in either House...
Article 114 governs 'Appropriation Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have been made by the House of the People, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of India of all moneys required to meet — ...
Article 115 governs 'Supplementary, additional or excess grants' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The President shall — (a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to be insufficient for the purposes...
Article 116 governs 'Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have power — (a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year pending the...
Article 117 governs 'Special provisions as to financial Bills' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 110 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the President and a Bill making such...
Article 118 governs 'Rules of procedure' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. (2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing...
Article 119 governs 'Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, each House of Parliament in relation to any financial matter or to any Bill for the...
Article 120 governs 'Language to be used in Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi or in English: Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the...
Article 121 governs 'Restriction on discussion in Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: No discussion shall take place in Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties except upon a motion for presenting an address to the President praying for the...
Article 122 governs 'Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament' in Part V, Chapter II (Parliament). It lays down the constitutional rulebook for how Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are constituted, how presiding officers (Speaker/Chairman) function, member qualifications/disqualifications, quorum, passage of ordinary and financial Bills, budget grants, and parliamentary privileges. Specifically: (1) The validity of any proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. (2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by or under this Constitution for...
Article 123 ('Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament') is codified in Part V of the Constitution of India. Specifically, the constitutional text states: (1) If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the...
Article 124 creates the Supreme Court of India, comprising the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and other judges appointed by the President. It establishes strict tenure security: a judge can only be removed through parliamentary impeachment passed by a special majority (two-thirds present and voting in both Houses) on proven misbehaviour or incapacity. This guarantees judicial independence from political executive interference.
Article 125 ('Salaries, etc, of Judges') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) There shall be paid to the Judges of the Supreme Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule. (2) Every Judge...
Article 126 ('Appointment of acting Chief Justice') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: When the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant or when the Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of...
Article 127 ('Appointment of ad hoc Judges') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) If at any time there should not be a quorum of the Judges of the Supreme Court available to hold or continue any session of the Court, the Chief Justice of India may, with the previous consent of the President and after consultation...
Article 128 ('Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of India may at any time, with the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge of the Supreme Court or of the Federal Court or who has...
Article 129 ('Supreme Court to be a court of record') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.
Article 130 ('Seat of Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: The Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or in such other place or places, as the Chief Justice of India may, with the approval of the President, from time to time, appoint.
Article 131 ('Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute — (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or (b) between the...
Article 132 ('Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order of a High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies under article 134A that the case...
Article 133 ('Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court certifies under article 134A— (a) that the case involves a...
Article 134 ('Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) An appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India if the High Court — (a) has on appeal reversed an order of acquittal of an...
Article 134A ('Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Every High Court, passing or making a judgment, decree, final order, or sentence, referred to in clause (1) of article 132 or clause (1) of article 133, or clause (1) of article 134, — (a) may, if it deems fit so to do, on its own...
Article 135 ('Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Until Parliament by law otherwise provides, the Supreme Court shall also have jurisdiction and powers with respect to any matter to which the provisions of article 133 or article 134 do not apply if jurisdiction and powers in relation to...
Article 136 ('Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter, the Supreme Court may, in its discretion, grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or...
Article 137 ('Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made under article 145, the Supreme Court shall have power to review any judgment pronounced or order made by it.
Article 138 ('Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with respect to any of the matters in the Union List as Parliament may by law confer. (2) The Supreme Court shall have such further jurisdiction and powers with...
Article 139 ('Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Parliament may by law confer on the Supreme Court power to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for any purposes other than...
Article 139A ('Transfer of certain cases') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) Where cases involving the same or substantially the same questions of law are pending before the Supreme Court and one or more High Courts or before two or more High Courts and the Supreme Court is satisfied on its own motion or on an...
Article 140 ('Ancillary powers of Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: Parliament may by law make provision for conferring upon the Supreme Court such supplemental powers not inconsistent with any of the provisions of this Constitution as may appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling the...
Article 141 states: 'The law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within the territory of India.' This single sentence makes Supreme Court precedents—such as D.K. Basu arrest guidelines, Arnesh Kumar bail rules, Vishaka workplace safety rules, or the ban on Bulldozer Justice—immediately enforceable law across every district court, magistrate bench, and police station in India. Any officer or lower court defying a Supreme Court judgment commits Contempt of Court.
Article 142(1) vests the Supreme Court with extraordinary plenary power: where existing statutory law is silent, inadequate, or tied up in technical red tape, the Supreme Court can pass any order necessary to deliver 'Complete Justice' across the territory of India.
Historically, the Supreme Court has used Article 142 to fill legislative vacuums and protect citizens—such as framing the Vishaka Guidelines (1997) against workplace sexual harassment before Parliament passed the POSH Act in 2013, ordering cleanup of the Taj Trapezium and Ganga, granting compensation to Bhopal Gas Tragedy victims, releasing long-incarcerated prisoners, and dissolving irretrievably broken marriages by mutual consent without waiting for the mandatory 6-month cooling-off period (Shilpa Sailesh v. Varun Sreenivasan, 2023).
Article 143 ('Power of President to consult Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon...
Article 144 ('Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: All authorities, civil and judicial, in the territory of India shall act in aid of the Supreme Court.
Article 145 ('Rules of Court, etc') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the Supreme Court may from time to time, with the approval of the President, make rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court including — (a) rules...
Article 146 ('Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: (1) Appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of India or such other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct: Provided that the President may by rule require that in such...
Article 147 ('Interpretation') belongs to Part V, Chapter IV (The Union Judiciary). It defines the institutional architecture and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India—covering judicial appointments, salaries, Court of Record status (contempt power), original federal disputes (Art 131), constitutional/civil/criminal appeals (Arts 132–136), review of judgments (Art 137), or binding precedents (Art 141). Specifically: In this Chapter and in Chapter V of Part VI, references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution shall be construed as including references to any substantial question of law as to the interpretation...
Article 148 ('Comptroller and Auditor-General of India') in Part V, Chapter V governs the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)—whom Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called probably the most important officer under the Constitution. It regulates the independent office of the CAG (Art 148), audit duties over Union and State expenditures (Art 149), standard form of government accounts (Art 150), and laying of audit reports before Parliament and State Legislatures (Art 151).
Article 149 ('Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General') in Part V, Chapter V governs the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)—whom Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called probably the most important officer under the Constitution. It regulates the independent office of the CAG (Art 148), audit duties over Union and State expenditures (Art 149), standard form of government accounts (Art 150), and laying of audit reports before Parliament and State Legislatures (Art 151).
Article 150 ('Form of accounts of the Union and of the States') in Part V, Chapter V governs the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)—whom Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called probably the most important officer under the Constitution. It regulates the independent office of the CAG (Art 148), audit duties over Union and State expenditures (Art 149), standard form of government accounts (Art 150), and laying of audit reports before Parliament and State Legislatures (Art 151).
Article 151 ('Audit reports') in Part V, Chapter V governs the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)—whom Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called probably the most important officer under the Constitution. It regulates the independent office of the CAG (Art 148), audit duties over Union and State expenditures (Art 149), standard form of government accounts (Art 150), and laying of audit reports before Parliament and State Legislatures (Art 151).
