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🇮🇳 SUPREME LAW OF INDIA • ENFORCEABLE SINCE 26 JAN 1950

The Constitution of India: Sovereign Archive

Explore all 395+ articles across all 25 parts and 12 schedules of the world’s longest written constitution. Complete with plain-language explanations, Constituent Assembly debates, and landmark Supreme Court rulings.

395+
Articles
25
Thematic Parts
12
Schedules
106
Amendments
📜 Preamble “WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC...”
“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”
Page 16 • Plain Meaning Edition
Article 371I
Part XXI

Special provision with respect to the State of Goa

Article 371I ('Special provision with respect to the State of Goa') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Goa shall consist of not less than thirty members.

Article 372
Part XXI

Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation

Article 372 ('Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding the repeal by this Constitution of the enactments referred to in article 395 but subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, all the law in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement...

Article 372A
Part XXI

Power of the President to adapt laws

Article 372A ('Power of the President to adapt laws') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: (1) For the purposes of bringing the provisions of any law in force in India or in any part thereof, immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, into accord with the provisions of this...

Article 373
Part XXI

Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases

Article 373 ('Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: Until provision is made by Parliament under clause (7) of article 22, or until the expiration of one year from the commencement of this Constitution, whichever is earlier, the said article shall have effect as if for any reference to...

Article 374
Part XXI

Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council

Article 374 ('Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: (1) The Judges of the Federal Court holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Judges of the Supreme Court and shall thereupon be...

Article 375
Part XXI

Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution

Article 375 ('Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: All courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers, judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of India, shall continue to exercise their respective functions subject to the...

Article 376
Part XXI

Provisions as to Judges of High Courts

Article 376 ('Provisions as to Judges of High Courts') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: (1) Notwithstanding anything in clause (2) of article 217, the Judges of a High Court in any Province holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such...

Article 377
Part XXI

Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

Article 377 ('Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: The Auditor-General of India holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless he has elected otherwise, become on such commencement the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India and shall thereupon be...

Article 378
Part XXI

Provisions as to Public Service Commissions

Article 378 ('Provisions as to Public Service Commissions') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: (1) The members of the Public Service Commission for the Dominion of India holding office immediately before the commencement of this Constitution shall, unless they have elected otherwise, become on such commencement the members of the...

Article 378A
Part XXI

Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

Article 378A ('Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: Notwithstanding anything contained in article 172, the Legislative Assembly of the State of Andhra Pradesh as constituted under the provisions of sections 28 and 29 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, shall, unless sooner dissolved,...

Article 392
Part XXI

Power of the President to remove difficulties

Article 392 ('Power of the President to remove difficulties') is part of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions). It encompasses regional safeguards under the Article 371 series (Maharashtra/Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka) as well as constitutional continuity of pre-1950 laws, courts, and institutions (Arts 372–392). Specifically: (1) The President may, for the purpose of removing any difficulties, particularly in relation to the transition from the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, to the provisions of this Constitution, by order direct that this...

Article 393
Part XXII

Short title

Article 393 ('Short title') in Part XXII (Articles 393–395) forms the sovereign closing seal of the Constitution: Article 393 names the charter 'The Constitution of India'; Article 394 sets 26 January 1950 as the date of full commencement; Article 394A provides for the authoritative text in Hindi; and Article 395 repeals the British Government of India Act, 1935 and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, severing all legal dependence on the British Crown.

Article 394
Part XXII

Commencement

Article 394 ('Commencement') in Part XXII (Articles 393–395) forms the sovereign closing seal of the Constitution: Article 393 names the charter 'The Constitution of India'; Article 394 sets 26 January 1950 as the date of full commencement; Article 394A provides for the authoritative text in Hindi; and Article 395 repeals the British Government of India Act, 1935 and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, severing all legal dependence on the British Crown.

Article 394A
Part XXII

Authoritative text in the Hindi language

Article 394A ('Authoritative text in the Hindi language') in Part XXII (Articles 393–395) forms the sovereign closing seal of the Constitution: Article 393 names the charter 'The Constitution of India'; Article 394 sets 26 January 1950 as the date of full commencement; Article 394A provides for the authoritative text in Hindi; and Article 395 repeals the British Government of India Act, 1935 and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, severing all legal dependence on the British Crown.

Article 395
Part XXII

Repeals

Article 395 ('Repeals') in Part XXII (Articles 393–395) forms the sovereign closing seal of the Constitution: Article 393 names the charter 'The Constitution of India'; Article 394 sets 26 January 1950 as the date of full commencement; Article 394A provides for the authoritative text in Hindi; and Article 395 repeals the British Government of India Act, 1935 and the Indian Independence Act, 1947, severing all legal dependence on the British Crown.

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Public Domain & Statutory Authenticity Notice

Under Section 52(1)(q) of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, the Constitution of India, Bare Acts of Parliament, Gazette Notifications, and Judicial Judgments of the Supreme Court and High Courts are in the Public Domain. Text is reproduced from the official Legislative Department, Ministry of Law & Justice, Government of India (India Code) archives.

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